Here is the reading I have been doing in honor of it being an election year:

Dark Money: The Hidden History of the Billionaires Behind the Rise of the Radical Right by Jane Mayer.

Saving Capitalism: For the Many, Not the Few by Robert B. Reich.

Sisters In Law: How Sandra Day O'Conner and Ruth Bader Ginsburg Went to the Supreme Court and Changed the World by Linda Hirshman.

Rewriting the Rules of the American Economy: An Agenda For Growth and Shared Prosperity by Joseph E. Stiglitz.

The Wind-up Bird Chronicle

Looking back at my review for Kafka on the Shore, I feel like I understand the novel better having more Murakami experience. The WInd-up Bird Chronicle is my favorite book of those I have read. It is less violent and seems more psychological and has a tidier conclusion than the other two novels.

It opens, of course, with the search for a missing feline. The feline belongs to a couple, Toru Okada and Kumiko Okada. An essential bit of information here is that the cat is named after Kumiko's brother, whom is detested by them. Of course there is a cat psychic (Tokyo must be full of such) whom Toru is supposed to work with to find the cat, but it turns out that they (the cat psychics are a two sister team) play a larger role helping Toru to reconcile to his wife's sudden and unexplained disappearance.

Toru's attempts to understand what led to her departure and how to get her to return take up ~600 pages, perhaps not for the faint of heart. There is a significant strand of story concerning the Japanese invasion and occupation of Manchuria which I admit I knew nothing about. What the book does best is to describe the psychological process of understanding using dreams and "real" characters as manifestations of aspects of people. At least, that is how I am choosing to interpret the book.

Muriel Spark

 A friend passed along two books to me by Muriel Spark. I thought they were interesting although stereotypically British.

The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie was the better of the two.  I thought it was surprisingly (since the outcome is know from the beginning) suspenseful. The setting is a girl's private school in Edinburgh where one teacher, Miss Jean Brodie, tries to mold a group of girls into a clique. The main narrator is Sandy, and she "betrays" Miss Jean Brodie to the school administrators. What is interesting is exploring the recollections of each girl about that period of their lives, especially Sandy's. Understanding her motivation is what keeps one reading to the end.

The Only Problem is a darkly humorous story. It is also much less interesting to read than TPOMJB. In its attempts at being funny I found it hard to relate to or take seriously. I didn't feel sympathy for any of the characters as they were all equally bad. Bad in the superficially realized, this is an archetypically-chummy-wealthy-British-man-living-abroad character. This is his best-friend-from-college-chum who wants to help his wife get a divorce. Add lots of improbable events in, without allowing any real emotion or connections to be created and you get the story.
Muriel Spark is a talented writer and TPOMJB reminded me, because of the repetition, of Stein. Although she was writing after Stein, perhaps benefiting from her influence.

A Chess Story

Stefan Zweig published this short story in 1941 as "Schachnovelle." It is set aboard an ocean liner sailing to Buenos Aires. The narrator, whose motivation is curiosity about the chess mind, sets out to entice the famous fellow passenger Czentovic to play a chess game. Czentovic, we are told, is a chess master who lacks both social and intellectual skills, but has an innate talent for chess. Cz's entire life story is revealed to the reader and then the narrator sets out to see Cz at play. This requires strategy but once Cz has been induced to play a game against the narrator and other passengers they lose the game. Then during the second game a mysterious man appears and suggests winning moves they can make. The group of amateurs win. The narrator, intrigued, follows the mystery man. Mystery man relays his story, as follows:

He, Dr. B, was a monarchist banker in Austria when the Nazis arrive. He was imprisoned, and interrogated for months. During this time he started to break down and was desperate for something to focus his mind on so as to withstand the interrogations and remain sane. He, luckily, steals a book of famous chess games from a jailers jacket. He studies this moves, until they are memorized then he makes up new games in his mind. He does this for months and finds it quite useful as a way to focus his mind and retain sanity. Then he decides to play both sides at once, white and black, and his mind  compartmentalizes. He suffers a breakdown, and a fever and finds himself in a hospital. His doctor diagnoses him with a chess mania and suggests he not play again. The doctor also diagnoses him as insane and so he escapes from the Nazis.

Back on the cruise ship Dr. B plays another game against Cz. This time Cz antagonizes Dr. B with slow play and Dr. B starts to regress into "chess madness." The narrator, tells Dr. B to not regress and Dr. B, losing the game exits.

It is a good story, psychologically accurate, and intense (compared to Stein it is dated though). The author Zweig and his wife, Lotte Altmann, committed suicide in February 1942 due to the dismal future prospects.

A little Stein

Gertrude Stein, writing in the first half of the last century, experimented with words, phrases, and sentences. In Three Lives the writing is not so different from the psychological modern style of writing, but Tender Buttons pushes the boundaries of word meanings to an extreme. To me Stein's writing seems less dated, and more contemporary, because elements of her style have come to be used widely.

"Three Lives" consists of three unconnected life portraits, "The Good Anna," "Melanctha," and "The Gentle Lena." "Melanctha" was the most interesting of these and the lengthiest. The woman portrayed is complicated, difficult and ends sadly (as do Anna and Lena). The conversational style is deceptively simple and much information is conveyed by the repetitive language.

"Tender Buttons" is what?

"This cloud does change with the movements of the moon and the narrow the quite narrow suggestion of the building. It does and then when it is settled and no sounds differ then comes the moment when cheerfulness is so assured that there is an occasion" (pg. 298).

I do not claim to understand. It is readable, but pointless, as far as I can understand it. Although, those with a background in literature probably have more interesting things to say about "Tender Buttons" than I do.

1q84

A central characteristic of Murakami's 1q84 lies in its place and time. The book begins with Aomame exiting 1984 Tokyo and entering 1q84 Tokyo, though she does not realize the transition immediately since the new universe is only infinitesimally different than the Japan of 1984. Aomame and Tengo alternately narrate each chapter and the connection between the two of them is gradually revealed.  Morality does not restrain Murakami characters. This is a mythic novel (as is Kafka on the Shore) in which nothing can be taken as first presented. Sex is not merely sex, but can serve other purposes, personally and in society. Family may or may not even be family.

Aomame does notice that police are wearing semi-automatic pistols instead of revolvers and thinks that she has simply missed the news. For the reader, this change signifies a more militaristic Japan than that in the world Aomame came from. Later, when Aomame acquires a gun, she is advised that "'According to Chekhov...once a gun appears in a story, it has to be fired.'" Interestingly Murakami does not obey this precept, which he puts into a character's mouth. Neither Aomame's gun, nor the police guns are used, which demonstrates that Chekhov is incorrect. Perhaps Murakami just wanted to demonstrate that Chekhov could be wrong, or perhaps show that reality is more complicated than a Chekhov play. Chekhov is mentioned prior to this, when an excerpt about the Gilyaks from Sakhalin Island is read aloud. It is an ethnographic description of a way of life, and Gilyak interaction with Russian explorers/colonizers. 

One note about the English translation - the title is 1Q84. When it would look better as a lower case q - 1q84. That looks more like 1984, which would be more fitting.

Having Faith: An Ecologist's Journey to Motherhood

My favorite pregnancy book for the beautiful writing style and informative value is Having Faith: An Ecologist's Journey to Motherhood. It is written by Sandra Steingraber and the first part is organized according to folk names for the monthly moons. It begins with the "old moon" and ends with the 9th "harvest moon." After which the book concludes with several chapters on the experience of new motherhood. Pregnancy books tend to be organized according to a nine month calendar which can be very repetitive for anyone who has read more than one so the labeling of each month with a different name was a nice change.
What is unique about Steingraber's writing is that she does not just detail the development of the fetus. Instead, she discusses development and how it can be negatively effected at each stage of fetal development. This is unusual as most books about pregnancy avoid topics that are not necessarily under a pregnant woman's control.

The driving force behind the book seems to be  not only to bring awareness to environmental pollution, but to change the plane of conversation about ecological degradation. Steingraber poses her question to her husband,
 '"Why is there no public conversation about environmental threats to pregnancy?"'
 and a more structural question 
'"Why does abstinence in the face of uncertainty apply only to individual behavior? Why doesn't it apply equally to industry or agriculture?"'

The answer given is that pregnancy is personal whereas industry and agriculture are public. To provide people with the information that Steingraber is giving is overwhelming. A pregnant woman can not do anything to change the state of the ecological environment so really it is better not to talk about it. Let women obsess about what they can control. It makes sense that our culture would encourage women to worry about how much coffee they are drinking. Many women already keep track of what they eat for dieting purposes. So making pregnancy and environment a personal issue prevents women (and people in general) from advocating for environmental protection and remediation.

This is one of the few pregnancy books which has a message that could be meaningful beyond pregnancy, and beyond one's first pregnancy. Because most books about pregnancy after one's first pregnancy are for me, beyond tedious.

It has been almost a year since I posted here. These are the last set of books we read in the book club:

The 100-Year-Old Man Who Climbed Out the Window and Disappeared by Jonas Jonasson
Narcissus and Goldmund by Herman Hesse
Confederacy of Dunces by John Kennedy Toole
Consolation by Anna Gavalda

Too many virtuous heroes - a poor view of reality

Dead Souls is a satirical story about a swindler, Tchitchikov, trying to swindle in various backwater villages. As Gogol characterizes him:

"But all the same I have not taken a virtuous man for my hero. And I may even say why I have not. Because it is high time at last to let the poor virtuous man rest; because the phrase 'virtuous man' is too often taken in vain because they have made a regular hack of the virtuous man and there is not a writer who has not ridden him to death, lashing him on with whip or anything that comes to hand; because they have so overdone the virtuous man that there is not a shadow of virtue left about him, and his nothing but skin and bone; because it is through hypocrisy they invoke the virtuous man; because the virtuous man is not respected. No, the time has come at last to trot out the rascal! And so let us trot out the rascal!" pg. 43

Tchitchikov is described as the hero throughout though his actions are generally reprehensible. He is an excellent anti-hero. Gogol provides wonderfully satirical sketches of the people that Tchitchikov attempts to befriend and take advantage of. The brief descriptions of individuals are vivid and engaging. Unfortunately, people appear and disappear very quickly.

 Gogol writes frequently in a conversational style, directly to the reader,

"And which of you, full of Christian meekness, not in public, but alone in private, at the moment of solitary inward converse, asks in the depths of your own soul, this painful question: 'Is there not a bit of Tchitchikov in me too?'" pr. 75

If everyone has a little bit of Tchitchikov in them then we must all be somewhat superficial and rascally. That might not be so bad according to Gogol. Especially if we do not expect to find virtue everywhere, or expect ourselves to be too virtuous. Perhaps virtue is valued because it is rare, and not something one claims for one's own.

Who are the barbarians?

The Barbarians Are Coming, another sidewalk acquisition, has a surprising trajectory.

Sterling is a young and dedicated chef. Having graduated from the Culinary Institute of America (CIA) he is attempting to make his way in the world. Unfortunately, in his professional life it is assumed that since he is Chinese he should cook Chinese food. He does not like cooking Chinese food. When his parents surprise him with a mail-order bride he does not say thanks either. Instead he marries his Caucasian girlfriend, Bliss.

A significant section of the latter part of the book is narrated by Sterling's father, Genius. He reminisces about his arrival in New York and an affair that he had. This secret past, which occurred before his wife arrived at Ellis Island, haunts him.

The writing is quite amusing and provides caricatures of all characters. Only Sterling and Genius have any real spark of life though. The other characters, especially women, seem mysterious to them and also to the reader. The lack of depth creates bland characters and makes for a bland and predictable plot. 

Two stories unentwined

There is a lot of potential for In the Shadows of the Sun to be a great book. There are two narrative threads, unfortunately, which stay very separate and once they do join together they don't seem to really entwine.

The book begins with Jack's story. Jack is fighting in the Pacific theater and through his eyes is narrated the Bataan Death March, which he survives. The second narrative thread is the story of Jack's family in New Mexico. They are having their own interpersonal troubles. Additionally, the government appropriates their ranch land as a bombing range. Jack's family is misinformed that he has died, but then when he resurfaces he is welcomed home.

The problem with this book is that these two experiences the book describes never meld together. Only 35 pages of the 238 page book take place after Jack has returned to New Mexico. There is very little narration by Jack or resolution to the story. There is no integration between the brutality which Jack experienced and the changes that have occurred back home. Each story is interesting independently, but together they don't work. Perhaps there is no resolution that Parsons could see for Jack to reintegrate or continue in the civilian world.

Dysfunctional families and daughters

A Thousand Acres (Jane Smiley) and Fall on Your Knees (Ann-Marie MacDonald) can be classified under the category of sexual abuse stories. Though this is reducing each to a simplistic definition it is the most descriptive heading for them. The (shocking) turning point of each book is the sexual abuse that occurred by the father with his daughters.

A Thousand Acres begins when the three daughters are grown up. The family patriarch is a horrible tyrant and not too surprisingly it turns out he molested his daughters when they were young. However, the youngest daughter was not molested which makes for yet more drama. What I enjoyed about this novel was that the point of view was that of the middle sister, Ginny, who sounded both genuine and provided excellent narration. For example,
"Ty and I didn't pursue our conversation, didn't thrash out what it was I had learned or what it meant. I acted more decisive and made rules. I sensed that Ty disapproved, but it was a touchy subject, and I was afraid to talk about it because I hated friction with Ty. It was easy to discount his unvoiced opinion, too." (pg. 155)
By giving Ginny a voice and letting her describe the events from her point of view our understanding of the situation is shaped by what she says and doesn't say. The reader may guess about what is happening, but since we only have her narration, and no one's reality is exactly right on, the plot is more interesting. Smiley got the narrative point of view right.

 Fall on Your Knees is set in an even harsher time and place - Cape Breton Island at the turn of the last century. It is a multigenerational saga focusing on James and Materia and their daughters. What makes the book somewhat interesting is that Materia's family is Lebanese. Why anyone accustomed to Lebanese weather would live in such a cold place is a mystery. This detail adds some realism to the book, as fact is often stranger than fiction. One wonders whether the book is based on real people from the historical record. If so, the rest of the story is sad. The father James is abusive of his wife, and his three daughters. Unlike A Thousand Acres the narration of the story switches between the many different characters. This allows for a much more nuanced understanding of the story, not to mention the longer historical period encompassed. However, this also makes the story seem to be less personal, and more historical. One never quite escapes from the historical detail as one can in A Thousand Acres. An example of this narration, "Mahmoud never wants to see Materia or her husband or her children or any evidence of them ever again. The only communication he's had with the Piper family for the past nineteen years has been the business arrangement with James, and they've both done well out of that while never once coming face to face. But that's over now." (pg. 159)
MacDonald's approach is, as illustrated by this excerpt, less personal. It makes for less interesting reading and the surprise ending is more surprising since information was withheld, rather than the reader having a narrator with a limited point of view. This method allows for wider scope though.

Both of these books showcase dysfunctional family dynamics. The relationships between family members are unhealthy and abusive. The sisters in both books are mean and cruel to each other over the course of their lives. Due to isolation and powerlessness they have no one else to be cruel and mean to. Would I read these books again? Probably not.

Book club selection

The book club has chosen new titles. Sadly, The Robber Bride has already been pushed back to March for discussion because we are so far into February.

March: The Robber Bride by Margaret Atwood

March:     The Arrival by Shaun Tan  

April:       Anleitung zum Unglücklichsein (Situation is Hopeless, But Not Serious: The Pursuit of Unhappiness) by Paul Watzlawik 

May:        The brief wondrous life of Oscar Wao by Junot Diaz 

Everything according to plan...

Acquiring books by chance is something I enjoy as much as when I specifically choose a book. One that I rescued from a lonely sidewalk is The Bridge of San Luis Rey. It is a good book for character development and description as it has vignettes about each character.

Set in Peru, Thornton Wilder opens by narrating the breaking, in 1714, of a rope bridge which spans a deep riverine chasm. Five people were crossing the bridge when it broke and they fell to their deaths. An eye-witness to the break, was Brother Juniper who, being religious, wonders whether the deaths of these five particular people had some meaning or was a random act of nature. To that end Juniper decides to collect the details of their lives. In so doing he hopes to form a picture of each person and understand why they died.

The following four chapters bring these characters to vivid life, though Brother Juniper's question does not really seem to be answered. Though I enjoyed the stories of each character and learning how they intersected with one another, the conclusion appears to be that there was no plan. Brother Juniper's compilation of facts addressing the deaths is burned publicly as is he at the end of the story.

realism

Often, I will judge a book as good or bad by how convinced I am that the world portrayed is realistic. Sometimes books succeed in creating a realistic sense by focusing on the outer environment, sometimes on the inner lives of the characters. What distinguishes A Fine Balance by Rohinton Mistry is the melding of the outer world and inner lives.

The premise of the story is the intersection between a lower middle-class woman, a pair of low-caste migrant tailors, and an upper-caste college student. Or, between a middle-aged woman who has abandoned hope, two young men full of hope, and an older man who still harbors hope for his nephew, if not for himself. Hope can be defined in a variety of ways, and is by each of these individuals. But in each shape it is faith in the world and fellow humans.

Dina, in an effort to maintain financial independence from her overbearing brother, rents a room in her house to Maneck, who is a college student. Simultaneously, she advertises for tailors to work for her home-sewing business. As these individuals get to know each other and fill the roles that were previously empty the world(s) which each individual inhabits seem a little bit brighter and happier. Sadly, this hopeful mood wanes and by the end of the novel hope has shrunk back to the stingy thing it had been at the beginning.

I was very surprised by how sad and isolated each character had become by the end of the novel. It was worth  reading, but only if followed by reading more optimistic writing!

"Protodialectical inquiry" into beliefs about Yam Gods

Oblivion consists of eight short stories by David Foster Wallace. Each story is written in a detailed and complex style. Wallace's writing method is unique because he interweaves the main narration with thoughts, other activity, and irrelevant details. Each sentence has to be understood as belonging or not belonging to the main narrative. This requires more effort on the reader's part than most books.

"Another Pioneer" is one of the shorter stories and the one which matches the content and the manner of writing best. The narrator is never identified, but speaks in a polished, academic, and ironic manner about an incident recounted to him by a friend. This incident was the conversation between two men on a plane which the friend overheard. The story that one of the men recounted to the other described a boy in an unspecified village in South America who single-handedly brought about modernizing changes in his village and acted as a prophet. The story itself is not as interesting as is the narrative voice retelling it which is persuasive and manages to engage the reader in the analysis of the second-hand story:

"Structurally, this scene apparently functions as both the climax of the protasis and the as it were engine of the narrative's rising action, because at just this point we are told that the original exemplum splits or diverges here into at least three main epitatic variants" (p. 126).

It is not the story being told that is inherently interesting, but the manner in which it is told. The narrator's voice is pompously analytical and cohesive. This story contrasts with "Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature" which has a much less structured theme, but whose narrator is psychologically not a model of health.

Though this collection is worth reading the style is lengthy, and verbose. The Onion has an amusing article about how a "girlfriend" stopped reading Wallace's breakup letter at page 20. Though his writing style takes some getting used to, it is arguably more rewarding to read than most books which are written in more a friendly manner.

The best book ever - for the moment

Freedom, the newest novel from Jonathan Franzen is the book of the moment. It currently has 884 reviews on Amazon.com. The published reviews of the book are similarly numerous and listed on the Wikipedia page for Freedom. The question is what can I add to the critical reviews already available about the book?

Like any book that receives this much critical acclaim, Freedom, contains something that appeals to a wide and disparate group. It resembles Franzen's previous book, The Corrections, in its focus on a dysfunctional family. And when Franzen writes dysfunctional characters there is generally a sexual element to their relational issues. The dysfunction sexual relationships that are the centerpiece of Franzen's writing no doubt contributes to his popularity. Franzen almost had the dubious distinction of winning the Bad Sex in fiction prize for this choice passage.

A secondary element that makes the book popular, is its being held up as a model of "America," and the benefits and problems of unbridled freedom. It is claimed that it embodies some key American experiences, and to a certain extent this is true. However, due to the focus on a specific time and issues, the writing is limited and the book itself is not likely to be interesting to readers a decade from now.

One serious problem that I had with the book is Franzen's writing which leaves some characters one-dimensional, and gives the impression that they are only written in to move the plot along.

This is an interesting (mostly) readable book, but probably not a good representation of anything specifically "American." It is far more accurate to describe it as simply a flawed novel.

Light writing about heavy subjects

War Dances, by Sherman Alexie, consists of seven short stories and sixteen poems.

The title story, "War Dances," appears to be an autobiographical musing on mortality, focusing on Alexie's learning that he has a brain tumor and his experience with his father's hospitalizations. The structure of the story is unusual in that it is short (only 34 pages long) and divided into sixteen subsections. Each subsection, "My Kafka Baggage," "Symptoms," "The Symptoms Worsen," "Blankets," etc. is a succinct scene that together, cluster around and build up the story of mortality that Alexie wants to tell.

Though mortality is the subject of several of the stories, the telling is very light and humorous. This is an easy to read summer book.

Fathers, sons, and paternity issues

Go Tell it on the Mountain (James Baldwin) and Call it Sleep (Henry Roth) are thematically very similar novels. Both are centered on young boys who must cope with difficult, abusive fathers and poverty.

Call It Sleep (CIS) was published in 1934, but begins in 1907, ending around 1917. The father of the family had immigrated from Germany and the novel opens with the arrival of his wife and son. The story is recounted through the boy, David's eyes. He is very impressionable and sensitive, and his father's animosity aggravates his sensitive nature. Adjusting to life in New York's slums is a challenge. Roth's writing was unique in its use of Yiddish and vernacular speech for dialogue and the scenes that are described are evocative.

David's father has a very belligerent character and doubts that David is actually his own son. Because of this doubt he treats his wife and son cruelly. His cruelty, Roth implies, pushes the mother and son to be unnaturally loving and close. Frequently David's love for his mother seems to cross over into a sexualized feeling. There are frequent references to his mother's bosom, jealousy of a family friend who attempts to seduce her, etc. For example, after an upsetting incident David says: "'Mama! Mama! Mama!' Only the sheltering valley between her breasts muffled his scream of fear to her heart."

Or earlier,
"With knees drawn up, David watched her wipe the linoleum beneath his chair. The shadow between her breasts, how deep! How far it - No! No! Luter! When he looked! That night! Mustn't! Mustn't! Look away! Quick!"

The relationship between David and his mother (who's name, Genya, is used rarely) appears to not be healthy, and until the end of the novel the reader wonders if David will end up having a mental breakdown as he does not seem functional. He also does not seem like a realistic 4-12 year old boy. However, not having been a boy perhaps I am not an authority on the subject.

Go Tell It On The Mountain starts with John, a 14 year old narrating his family story, living in Harlem. His parents had migrated North to New York as young adults and he is the first generation to grow up in the "liberal" North rather than in the "segregated" South.

In contrast to CIS, the narration switches between John, his aunt, his father, and finally his mother. Due to this multiplicity of perspectives the story is recounted in a more realistic way. John's father dislikes him, but the secret to his dislike is hidden from John. Just as David's father doubts his paternity, John's father also has paternity issues. With the four narrative voices of the story the reader understands better what has shaped the characters and life histories of the narrators. John has deep scars from his father's dislike though which emerge when he enters a trance-like religious state in church:

"Then his father was upon him; at his touch there was singing, and fire. John lay on his back in the narrow street, looking up at his father, that burning face beneath the burning towers.

'I'm going to beat it out of you. I'm going to beat it out.' His father raised his hand. The knife came down. John rolled away, down the white, descending street, screaming: 'Father! Father!'"

The father seems to symbolize both John's father and God who is invoked by each character as an overpowering presence who must by appeased, despite uncertainty as to what his wishes are. John's vision seems to be a way of reaching an understanding of his father and his relationship with him.

Both of these novels deal with similar issues of immigration, cultural assimilation, ethnicity, and father-son relationships. Both fathers are violent, rather hateful people, both mothers loving and virtuous. And both fathers hate their sons because they suspect or know that they are not genetically their own. Both sons grow up with a hatred of their "fathers" that is violent.

Walking on a wire

Let The Great World Spin is a novel which centers on Philippe Petit's tightrope walk between the Twin Towers on August 7th, 1974. This single event has been taken as the starting point by Colum McCann from which the lives of a multitude of individuals are effected.

Each individual is given a chapter to delineate their world. There is the Irish priest and his brother working in the South Bronx and the prostitutes that the priest is attempting to help. Another story is added by a wealthy housewife whose son was killed in Vietnam. With each narrative strand added to the story it becomes clearer how all of their lives are intertwined. The final chapter is set in 2006 and brings the story to a satisfactory conclusion.

McCann's strategy in this novel allows in-depth views of his characters on the days before the tightrope walk, and the day of the walk. Notably absent are any details about Petit, but perhaps that is because he is a real person.